Bone cancer generally refers to cancer that originates in bone cells. These cancers are collectively known as bone sarcomas. They occur slightly more often in men than women, at a ratio of roughly 1:1.6. There are several types, including osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are generally more common in people aged 10 to 20 and those over 60. Chondrosarcoma is seen more often in middle-aged and older people. Bone cancer typically develops in the long bones of the arms and legs, though in some cases it can also occur in the bones of the spine.
High-risk factors
- Genetic factors: people with familial retinoblastoma have a roughly 400 times higher risk of osteosarcoma.
- Radiation therapy: if radiotherapy is required on a part of the body such as an arm or leg, osteosarcoma can develop there more than three years afterward.
- Trauma: trauma itself does not cause sarcoma, but bone cancer is often detected when surgery is carried out after a bone fracture.
- Orthopaedic implants: in some cases, sarcoma can develop at the site of a metallic prosthetic device.
How it is diagnosed
A biopsy, taken either by incision or with a needle, can confirm the disease definitively. In some cases, immunohistochemistry testing may also be required. Some general symptoms — such as fever, body aches and weight loss — can appear, particularly with Ewing sarcoma. Other tests used include:
- X-ray
- CT scan
- MRI
- Bone scan
- PET-CT scan
Treatment
Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
How to reduce the risk
- Anyone with the high-risk factors above should see a doctor for the necessary tests, including at least an X-ray, and follow medical advice.
- If diagnosed, follow a doctor’s guidance and begin treatment as quickly as possible.
- Regular, timely treatment can lead to recovery from bone cancer.
Written by a tumour and cancer specialist at TMSS Medical College, Bogura.